Not that I know of, but you could probably make one.
Something like below should do the trick:
select Value,
Case
When isnumeric(Value)= 0 and isdate(Value) = 0 then 'char(' + cast(len(Value) as varchar) + ')'
When isnumeric(Value)=1 and charindex('.', Value) = 0 then 'int'
When isnumeric(Value)=1 and charindex('.', Value) <> 0 then 'numeric'
When isdate(Value)=1 then 'date'
End
from #Val