Command
DBCC CHECKDB('yourdbname') WITH ESTIMATEONLY
will not check your database, but will give you estimation on how much tempdb space will be needed for checkdb.
If you need to track what is happening during real DBCC execution, you can use standard tools like DMVs, trace, perfmon, extended events - depending on what you really want to track.
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Microsoft Certified Master: SQL Server 2008
XDetails Addin - for SQL Developers
blog.sqlxdetails.com - Transaction log myths