Frequently, when working with strings you will need to identify, insert or remove spaces before, after or in between characters.
For example, you may want to show customer full names by concatenating the columns that hold the different parts of customer names like FirstName, MiddleName, and LastName, separating each name part with a blank space. You may also want to remove spaces before, after or in between characters from email or website addresses. It is important to understand the different string functions available for you in T-SQL that may help you accomplish any of the tasks mentioned above:
Using single-quotes with space in between ‘ ’ versus char(32) to insert spaces between characters
Example #1:
DECLARE @FirstName varchar(25), @LastName varchar(25)SET @FirstName = ‘Jose’
SET @LastName = ‘Chinchilla’
SELECT @FirstName + ‘ ‘ + @LastName — (one space between single-quotes)
–Result=> Jose Chinchilla
Example #2:
SELECT @FirstName + char(32) + @LastName — (single space special character represented by char(32))–Result=> Jose Chinchilla
From these two examples we can observe that we get the same results by using single quotes with an empty space in between and char(32). The reason is because char(32) is the ASCII code value of a space character in T-SQL.
SELECT ASCII(‘ ‘)Result=> 32
SELECT CHAR(ASCII(‘ ‘))Result=> _ — (the underscore character ‘_’ represents a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscores will show)
SELECT CHAR(32)Result=> _ — (the underscore character ‘_’ represents a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscores will show)
Using LEN vs DATALENGTH to get the number of characters in a string
Example #1:
DECLARE @FullName varchar(25)SET @FullName = ‘ Jose Chinchilla ‘ — (notice spaces before and after the full name)
SELECT LEN(@FullName) –Result=>16
LEN will only count leading spaces and spaces in between the string but will not count trailing spaces.
Example #2:
SELECT DATALENGTH(@FullName)–Result=>17
DATALENGTH will count spaces in between and both leading and trailing spaces as well.
Using LTRIM and RTRIM to remove leading and trailing spaces
DECLARE @FirstName varchar(25)SET @FirstName = ‘ Jose ‘; – (notice space before and after the word Jose)
SELECT @FirstName–Result=> _Jose_ — (the underscore characters ‘_’ represent a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscores will show)
SELECT LTRIM(@FirstName)–Result=> Jose_ –(only leading space is removed, the underscore character ‘_’ represent a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscore will show)
SELECT RTRIM(@FirstName)–Result=> _Jose — (only trailing space is removed, the underscore character ‘_’ represent a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscore will show)
SELECT LTRIM(RTRIM(@FirstName))–Result=> Jose — (both leading and trailing spaces are removed)
By nesting LTRIM and RTRIM you get similar results as the TRIM function in Excel and other programming languages. Unfortunately, there is no TRIM function in T-SQL.
Using CHARINDEX to find the position of all spaces in a string
In order for CHARINDEX to work properly you need to declare the data type length. For example: DECLARE @EmailAddress varchar(100) instread of DECLARE @EmailAddress varchar. The same applies to nvarchar, char and nchar. You may use varchar(max) and nvarchar(max).
It is important to understand that CHARINDEX will only return the position of the first instance of the character you are looking for, in this case a space or char(32). To continue looking for the rest of the positions where you have empty spaces in your @EmailAddress variable you would need to loop through the entire string until no more spaces are found.
DECLARE @EmailAddress varchar(100), @SpacePositions varchar(max), @PositionIndex intSET @EmailAddress = ‘ jchinchilla @ sqljoe.com ‘ — (notice leading and trailing spaces and spaces before & after the @ sign)
SET @SpacePositions = ”
SET @PositionIndex = CHARINDEX(char(32),@EmailAddress)
WHILE @PositionIndex > 0BEGIN
SET @SpacePositions =
CASE
WHEN CHARINDEX(char(32),@EmailAddress,@PositionIndex+1) > 0
THEN @SpacePositions + CONVERT(varchar,@PositionIndex) + ‘, ‘
ELSE @SpacePositions + CONVERT(varchar,@PositionIndex)
END
END
SELECT @SpacePositions as SpacePositions–Result=> 1, 13, 15, 26
Using REPLACE to find and remove all spaces in a string
REPLACE will allow you to substitute all spaces in a string with an empty string, thus removing all spaces in between characters. In the following example, all spaces represented by char(32) will be replaced with an empty string ”.
DECLARE @EmailAddress varchar(max)SET @EmailAddress = ‘ jchinchilla @ sqljoe.com ‘ — (notice leading and traling spaces and spaces before and after the @ sign)
SELECT REPLACE(@EmailAddress, CHAR(32),”)–Result=> jchinchilla@sqljoe.com –(all spaces have been removed)
Using REPLICATE to insert ‘n’ number of spaces in a string
SELECT ‘A’ + REPLICATE(‘ ‘,5) + ‘Z’Result=> A_____Z — (the underscore characters ‘_’ represent a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscores will show)
SELECT ‘A’ + REPLICATE(char(32),5) + ‘Z’Result=> A_____Z — (the underscore characters ‘_’ represent a blank space for clarification purposes, no actual underscores will show)
