The Cardinality Estimator is a part of the query processos that helps to generate an appropriate query plan. This is important for producing the most efficient performance for your queries.
We have included a number of links that can help you learn more about the AlwaysOn suite of technologies, broken out by SQL Server version where applicable.
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SQL Server 2016
The SQL 2014 Cardinality Estimator Eats Bad T-SQL for Breakfast
Identifying SQL Server 2014 New Cardinality Estimator issues and Service Pack 1 improvement
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View the index of features for the various versions.