No, it's not related to math functions.
You have a correlated subquery when you select data from a subquery using a where clause that refers to fields in the outer query.
Example:
SELECT Name, Salary = (
SELECT Salary
FROM Salaries
WHERE PersonId = Persons.PersonId
)
FROM Persons
WHERE Age > 30
Sorry for the stupid example, hope you understand it anyway.
Here, Salaries is correlated to Persons by the clause "WHERE PersonId = Persons.PersonId".
Hope this helps
Gianluca